Surface Air Temperature
Acosta Navarro, J. C., V. Varma, I. Riipinen, Ø. Seland, A. Kirkevåg, H. Struthers, T. Iversen, H. -C. Hansson, and A. M. L. Ekman, 2016: Amplification of Arctic warming by past air pollution reductions in Europe. Nat. Geosci., 9, 277-281.
Dufour, A., O. Zolina, and S. K. Gulev, 2016: Atmospheric moisture transport to the Arctic. J. Climate, 29, 5061-5081.
Kim, B. -M., J. -Y. Hong, S. -Y. Jun, X. Zhang, H. Kwon, S. -J. Kim, J. -H. Kim, S. -W. Kim, and H. -K. Kim, 2017: Major cause of unprecedented Arctic warming in January 2016: Critical role of Atlantic windstorm. Sci. Rep., 7, 40051, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40051.
Mahlstein, I., and R. Knutti, 2012: September Arctic sea ice predicted to disappear near 2°C global warming above present. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 117, D06104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016709.
Notz, D., and J. Stroeve, 2016: Observed Arctic sea-ice loss directly follows anthropogenic CO2 emission. Science, 354, 747-750, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag2345.
Overland, J. E., 2009: The case for global warming in the Arctic. Influence of Climate Change on the Changing Arctic and Sub-Arctic Conditions, J. C. J. Nihoul and A. G. Kostianoy, Eds., Springer, 13-23.
Pithan, F., and T. Mauritsen, 2014: Arctic amplification dominated by temperature feedbacks in contemporary climate models. Nat. Geosci., 7, 181-184, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2071.
Stuecker, M. F., C. M. Bitz, K. C. Armour, C. Proistosescu, S. M. Kang, S. -P. Xie, D. Kim, S. McGregor, W. Zhang, S. Zhao, W. Cai, Y. Dong, and F. -F. Jin, 2018: Polar amplification dominated by local forcing and feedbacks. Nat. Climate Change, 8, 1076-1081, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0339-y.
Terrestrial Snow Cover
Brasnett, B., 1999: A global analysis of snow depth for numerical weather prediction. J. Appl. Meteor., 38, 726-740.
Brown, R., B. Brasnett, and D. Robinson, 2003: Gridded North American monthly snow depth and snow water equivalent for GCM evaluation. Atmos.-Ocean., 41, 1-14.
Brown, R., D. Vikhamar Schuler, O. Bulygina, C. Derksen, K. Luojus, L. Mudryk, L. Wang, and D. Yang, 2017: Arctic terrestrial snow cover. Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) 2017, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, 25-64.
Brun, E., V. Vionnet, A. Boone, B. Decharme, Y. Peings, R. Valette, F. Karbou, and S. Morin, 2013: Simulation of Northern Eurasian local snow depth, mass, and density using a detailed snowpack model and meteorological reanalyses. J. Hydrometeor., 14, 203-219, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-12-012.1.
Callaghan, T., M. Johansson, R. Brown, P. Groisman, N. Labba, V. Radionov, R. Barry, O. Bulygina, R. Essery, D Frolov, V. Golubev, T. Grenfell, M. Petrushina, V. Razuvaev, D. Robinson, P. Romanov, D. Shindell, A. Shmakin, S. Sokratov, S. Warren, and D. Yang, 2011: The changing face of Arctic snow cover: A synthesis of observed and projected changes. Ambio, 40, 17-31.
Estilow, T. W., A. H. Young, and D. A. Robinson, 2015: A long-term Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent data record for climate studies and monitoring. Earth Sys. Sci. Data, 7(1), 137-142.
Helfrich, S., D. McNamara, B. Ramsay, T. Baldwin, and T. Kasheta, 2007: Enhancements to, and forthcoming developments in the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS). Hydrol. Process., 21, 1576-1586.
Reichle, R., C. Draper, Q. Liu, M. Girotto, S. Mahanama, R. Koster, and G. De Lannoy, 2017: Assessment of MERRA-2 land surface hydrology estimates. J. Climate, 30(8), 2937–2960, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0720.1.
Takala, M., K. Luojus, J. Pulliainen, C. Derksen, J. Lemmetyinen, J-P Kärnä, and J. Koskinen, 2011: Estimating Northern Hemisphere snow water equivalent for climate research through assimilation of space-borne radiometer data and ground-based measurements. Remote Sens. Environ., 115, 3517-3529.
Greenland Ice Sheet
Andersen, J. K., R. S. Fausto, K. Hansen, J. E. Box, S. B. Andersen, A. P. Ahlstrøm, D. van As, M. Citterio, W. Colgan, N. B. Karlsson, K. K. Kjeldsen, N. J. Korsgaard, S. H. Larsen, K. D. Mankoff, A. Ø. Pedersen, C. L. Shields, A. Solgaard, and B. Vandecrux, 2019: Update of annual calving front lines for 47 marine terminating outlet glaciers in Greenland (1999-2018). Geol. Surv. Den. Greenl., 43, e2019430202, https://doi.org/10.34194/GEUSB-201943-02-02.
Box, J. E., D. van As, and K. Steffen, 2017: Greenland, Canadian and Icelandic land ice albedo grids (2000-2016). Geol. Surv. Den. Greenl., 38, 53-56.
Cape, M. R., F. Straneo, N. Beaird, R. M. Bundy, and M. A. Charette, 2019: Nutrient release to oceans from buoyancy-driven upwelling at Greenland tidewater glaciers. Nat. Geosci., 12, 34–39, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0268-4.
Hopwood, M. J., D. Carroll, T. J. Browning, L. Meire, J. Mortensen, S. Krisch, and E. P. Achterberg, 2018: Non-linear response of summertime marine productivity to increased meltwater discharge around Greenland. Nat. Commun., 9, 3256, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05488-8.
Loomis, B. D., S. B. Luthcke, and T. J. Sabaka, 2019a: Regularization and error characterization of GRACE mascons. J. Geodesy, 93(9), 1381-1398, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-019-01252-y.
Loomis, B. D., K. E. Rachlin, and S. B. Luthcke, 2019b: Improved Earth oblateness rate reveals increased ice sheet losses and mass-driven sea level rise. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 6910- 6917, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082929.
Luo, H., R. M. Castelao, A. K. Rennermalm, M. Tedesco, A. Bracco, P. L. Yager, and T. L. Mote, 2016: Oceanic transport of surface meltwater from the southern Greenland ice sheet. Nat. Geosci., 9(7), 528-532, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2708.
Luthcke, S. B., T. J. Sabaka, B. D. Loomis, A. A. Arendt, J. J. McCarthy, and J. Camp, 2013: Antarctica, Greenland and Gulf of Alaska land ice evolution from an iterated GRACE global mascon solution. J. Glaciol., 59(216), 613-631, https://doi.org/10.3189/2013JoG12J147.
Mankoff, K. D., W. Colgan, A. Solgaard, N. B. Karlsson, A. P. Ahlstrøm, D. van As, J. E. Box, S. A. Khan, K. K. Kjeldsen, J. Mouginot, and R. S. Fausto, 2019: Greenland Ice Sheet solid ice discharge from 1986 through 2017. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 769-786, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-769-2019. Data product updated through 2019-08-16 at http://promice.org.
Morlighem, M., and Coauthors, 2017: BedMachine v3: Complete bed topography and ocean bathymetry mapping of Greenland from multibeam echo sounding combined with mass conservation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 44(21), 11051-11061, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074954.
Mote, T., 2007: Greenland surface melt trends 1973-2007: Evidence of a large increase in 2007. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L22507.
Mouginot, J., E. Rignot, A. A. Bjørk, M. van den Broeke, R. Millan, M. Morlighem, B. Noël, B. Scheuchl, and M. Wood, 2019: Forty-six years of Greenland Ice Sheet mass balance from 1972 to 2018. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116(19), 9239-9244, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904242116.
Overeem, I., B. D. Hudson, J. P. M. Syvitski, A. B. Mikkelsen, B. Hasholt, M. R. Van Den Broeke, B. P. Y. Noël, and M. Morlighem, 2017: Substantial export of suspended sediment to the global oceans from glacial erosion in Greenland. Nat. Geosci., 10(11), 859-863, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo3046.
Ryan, J. C., L. C. Smith, D. van As, S. W. Cooley, M. G. Cooper, L. H. Pitcher, and A. Hubbard, 2019: Greenland Ice Sheet surface melt amplified by snowline migration and bare ice exposure. Sci Adv., 5(3), eaav3738, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav3738.
Tedesco, M., X. Fettweis, T. Mote, J. Wahr, P. Alexander, J. Box, and B. Wouters, 2013: Evidence and analysis of 2012 Greenland records from spaceborne observations, a regional climate model and reanalysis data. Cryosphere, 7, 615-630.
van As, D., R. S. Fausto, J. Cappelen, R. S. van de Wal, R. J. Braithwaite, and H. Machguth, 2016: Placing Greenland ice sheet ablation measurements in a multi-decadal context. Geol. Surv. Den. Greenl., 35, 71-74.
Wahr, J., M. Molenaar, and F. Bryan, 1998: Time variability of the Earth’s gravity field: Hydrological and oceanic effects and their possible detection using GRACE. J. Geophys. Res., 103( B12), 30205- 30229, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB02844.
Sea Ice
Cavalieri, D. J., C. L. Parkinson, P. Gloersen, and H. J. Zwally, 1996, updated yearly: Sea Ice Concentrations from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS Passive Microwave Data, Version 1. NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center, Boulder, CO, USA, https://doi.org/10.5067/8GQ8LZQVL0VL.
Fetterer, F., K. Knowles, W. N. Meier, M. Savoie, and A. K. Windnagel, 2017 (updated daily): Sea Ice Index, Version 3: Regional Daily Data. National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), Boulder, CO, USA, https://doi.org/10.7265/N5K072F8.
Kwok, R., 2018: Arctic sea ice thickness, volume, and multiyear ice coverage: Losses and coupled variability (1958 – 2018). Environ. Res. Lett., 13 (2018), 105005, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aae3ec.
Maslanik, J., and J. Stroeve, 1999: Near-Real-Time DMSP SSMIS Daily Polar Gridded Sea Ice Concentrations, Version 1. NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center, Boulder, CO, USA, https://doi.org/10.5067/U8C09DWVX9LM.
Maslanik, J., J. Stroeve, C. Fowler, and W. Emery, 2011: Distribution and trends in Arctic sea ice age through spring 2011. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38(13), L13502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047735.
Meier, W. N., G. Hovelsrud, B. van Oort, J. Key, K. Kovacs, C. Michel, M. Granskog, S. Gerland, D. Perovich, A. P. Makshtas, and J. Reist, 2014: Arctic sea ice in transformation: A review of recent observed changes and impacts on biology and human activity. Rev. Geophys., 52(3), 185-217, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013RG000431.
NSIDC, March 2019: Arctic Sea Ice News and Analysis. Arctic sea ice maximum ties for seventh lowest in satellite record. http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/2019/03/.
Ricker, R., S. Hendricks, L. Kaleschke, X. Tian-Kunze, J. King, and C. Haas, 2017: A weekly Arctic sea-ice thickness data record from merged CryoSat-2 and SMOS satellite data. Cryosphere, 11, 1607-1623, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1607-2017.
Tschudi, M., W. N. Meier, J. S. Stewart, C. Fowler, and J. Maslanik, 2019a: EASE-Grid Sea Ice Age, Version 4. Boulder, Colorado USA. NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center. https://doi.org/10.5067/UTAV7490FEPB.
Tschudi, M., W. N. Meier, and J. S. Stewart, 2019b: Quicklook Arctic Weekly EASE-Grid Sea Ice Age, Version 1. Boulder, Colorado USA. NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center. https://doi.org/10.5067/2XXGZY3DUGNQ.
Tschudi, M. A., C. Fowler, J. A. Maslanik, and J. A. Stroeve, 2010: Tracking the movement and changing surface characteristics of Arctic sea ice. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens., 3(4), 536-540, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2010.2048305.
Tschudi, M. A., J. C. Stroeve, and J. S. Stewart, 2016: Relating the age of Arctic sea ice to its thickness, as measured during NASA’s ICESat and IceBridge Campaigns. Remote Sens., 8(6), 457, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8060457.
Sea Surface Temperature
Barton, B. I., Y. Lenn, and C. Lique, 2018: Observed Atlantification of the Barents Sea causes the Polar Front to limit the expansion of winter sea ice. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 1849-1866, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0003.1.
Fetterer, F., K. Knowles, W. N. Meier, M. Savoie, and A. K. Windnagel, 2017 (updated daily): Sea Ice Index, Version 3: Regional Daily Data. National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), Boulder, CO, USA, https://doi.org/10.7265/N5K072F8.
Reynolds, R. W., N. A. Rayner, T. M. Smith, D. C. Stokes, and W. Wang, 2002: An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate. J. Climate, 15, 1609-1625.
Reynolds, R. W., T. M. Smith, C. Liu, D. B. Chelton, K. S. Casey, and M. G. Schlax, 2007: Daily high-resolution-blended analyses for sea surface temperature. J. Climate, 20, 5473-5496, and see http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.noaa.oisst.v2.html.
Stroh, J. N., G. Panteleev, S. Kirillov, M. Makhotin, and N. Shakhova, 2015: Sea-surface temperature and salinity product comparison against external in situ data in the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 120, 7223-7236, https://doi.org/0.1002/2015JC011005.
Timmermans, M. -L., and A. Proshutinsky, 2015. The Arctic: Sea surface temperature [in “State of the Climate in 2014”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96(7), S147-S148.
Arctic Ocean Primary Productivity: The Response of Marine Algae to Climate Warming and Sea Ice Decline
Ardyna, M., M. Babin, E. Devred, A. Forest, M. Gosselin, P. Raimbault, and J. -É. Tremblay, 2017: Shelf-basin gradients shape ecological phytoplankton niches and community composition in the coastal Arctic Ocean (Beaufort Sea). Limnol. Oceanogr., 62, 2113-2132, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10554.
Barber, D. G., H. Hop, C. J. Mundy, B. Else, I. A. Dmitrenko, J. -É. Tremblay, J. K. Ehn, P. Assmy, M. Daase, L. M. Candlish, and S. Rysgaard, 2015: Selected physical, biological and biogeochemical implications of a rapidly changing Arctic Marginal Ice Zone. Prog. Oceanogr., 139, 122-150, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.09.003.
Behrenfeld, M. J., and P. G. Falkowski, 1997: Photosynthetic rates derived from satellite-based chlorophyll concentration. Limnol. Oceanogr., 42(1), 1-20.
Comiso, J. C., 2015: Variability and trends of the global sea ice covers and sea levels: Effects on physicochemical parameters. Climate and Fresh Water Toxins, L. M. Botana, M. Carmen Lauzao, and N. Vilarino, Eds., De Gruyter, Berlin, Germany.
Comiso, J. C., R. Gersten, L. Stock, J. Turner, G. Perez, and K. Cho, 2017a: Positive trends in the Antarctic sea ice cover and associated changes in surface temperature. J. Climate, 30, 2251-2267, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-0408.1.
Comiso, J. C., W. N. Meier, and R. Gersten, 2017b: Variability and trends in the Arctic Sea ice cover: Results from different techniques. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 122, 6883-6900, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012768.
Duffy-Anderson, J. T., P. Stabeno, A. G. Andrews III, K. Cieciel, A. Dreary, E. Farley, C. Fugate, C. Harpold, R. Heintz, D. Kimmel, K. Kuletz, J. Lamb, M. Paquin, S. Porter, L. Rogers, A. Spear, and E. Yasumiishi, 2019: Responses of the northern Bering Sea and southeastern Bering Sea pelagic ecosystems following record-breaking low winter sea ice. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46(16), 9833-9842, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083396.
Frey, K. E., J. C. Comiso, L. W. Cooper, J. M. Grebmeier, and L. V. Stock, 2018: Arctic Ocean primary productivity: The response of marine algae to climate warming and sea ice decline. Arctic Report Card 2018, E. Osborne, J. Richter-Menge, and M. Jeffries, Eds., https://www.arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card.
Giesbrecht, K. E., D. E. Varela, J. Wiktor, J. M. Grebmeier, B. Kelly, and J. E. Long, 2019: A decade of summertime measurements of phytoplankton biomass, productivity and assemblage composition in the Pacific Arctic Region from 2006 to 2016. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 162, 93-113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.06.010.
Hill, V., M. Ardyna, S. H. Lee, and D. E. Varela, 2018: Decadal trends in phytoplankton production in the Pacific Arctic Region from 1950 to 2012. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 152, 82-94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.12.015.
Leu, E., C. J. Mundy, P. Assmy, K. Campbell, T. M. Gabrielsen, M. Gosselin, T. Juul-Pedersen, and R. Gradinger, 2015: Arctic spring awakening – Steering principles behind the phenology of vernal ice algal blooms. Prog. Oceanogr., 139, 151-170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.07.012.
Moore, S. E., and J. M. Grebmeier, 2018: The distributed biological observatory: Linking physics to biology in the Pacific Arctic region. Arctic, 71(Suppl. 1), 1-7, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4606.
Neeley, A. R., L. A. Harris, and K. E. Frey, 2018: Unraveling phytoplankton community dynamics in the northern Chukchi and western Beaufort seas amid climate change. Geophys. Res. Lett., 45(15), 7663-7671, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077684.
Stabeno, P., and S. W. Bell, 2019: Extreme conditions in the Bering Sea (2017-2018): Record-breaking low sea-ice extent. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 8952-8959, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083816.
Tremblay J. -É., L. G. Anderson, P. Matrai, S. Bélanger, C. Michel, P. Coupel, and M. Reigstad, 2015: Global and regional drivers of nutrient supply, primary production and CO2 drawdown in the changing Arctic Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr., 139, 171-196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.08.009.
Tundra Greenness
Addis, C. E., and M. S. Bret-Harte, 2019: The importance of secondary growth to plant responses to snow in the arctic. Funct. Ecol., 33, 1050-1066.
Assmann, J. J., I. H. Myers-Smith, A. B. Phillimore, A. D. Bjorkman, R. E. Ennos, J. S. Prevéy, G. H. R. Henry, N. M. Schmidt, and R. D. Hollister, 2019: Local snow melt and temperature-but not regional sea ice-explain variation in spring phenology in coastal Arctic tundra. Glob. Change Biol., 25, 2258–2274, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14639.
Bhatt, U. S., D. A. Walker, M. K. Raynolds, P. A. Bieniek, H. E. Epstein, J. C. Comiso, J. E. Pinzon, C. J. Tucker, M. Steele, W. Ermold, and J. Zhang, 2017: Changing seasonality of panarctic tundra vegetation in relationship to climatic variables. Environ. Res. Lett., 12, 055003.
Bhatt, U., D. Walker, M. Raynolds, P. Bieniek, H. Epstein, J. Comiso, J. Pinzon, C. Tucker, and I. Polyakov, 2013: Recent declines in warming and vegetation greening trends over Pan-Arctic tundra. Remote Sens., 5, 4229-4254.
Blume-Werry, G., A. Milbau, L. M. Teuber, M. Johansson, and E. Dorrepaal, 2019: Dwelling in the deep – strongly increased root growth and rooting depth enhance plant interactions with thawing permafrost soil. New Phytol., 223, 1328-1339.
Chen, C., T. Park, X. Wang, S. Piao, B. Xu, R. K. Chaturvedi, R. Fuchs, V. Brovkin, P. Ciais, R. Fensholt, H. Tømmervik, G. Bala, Z. Zhu, R. R. Nemani, and R. B. Myneni, 2019: China and India lead in greening of the world through land-use management. Nat. Sustain., 2, 122-129.
Cooper, E. J., C. J. Little, A. K. Pilsbacher, and M. A. Mörsdorf, 2019: Disappearing green: Shrubs decline and bryophytes increase with nine years of increased snow accumulation in the High Arctic. J. Veg. Sci., 30, 857-867.
Cray, H. A., and W. H. Pollard, 2018: Use of stabilized thaw slumps by Arctic birds and mammals: evidence from Herschel Island, Yukon. Can. Field Nat., 132, 279-284.
Elmendorf, S. C., G. H. R. Henry, R. D. Hollister, R. G. Björk, N. Boulanger-Lapointe, E. J. Cooper, J. H. C. Cornelissen, T. A. Day, E. Dorrepaal, T. G. Elumeeva, M. Gill, W. A. Gould, J. Harte, D. S. Hik, A. Hofgaard, D. R. Johnson, J. F. Johnstone, I. S. Jónsdóttir, J. C. Jorgenson, K. Klanderud, J. A. Klein, S. Koh, G. Kudo, M. Lara, E. Lévesque, B. Magnússon, J. L. May, J. A. Mercado-Díaz, A. Michelsen, U. Molau, I. H. Myers-Smith, S. F. Oberbauer, V. G. Onipchenko, C. Rixen, N. Martin Schmidt, G. R. Shaver, M. J. Spasojevic, Þ. E. Þórhallsdóttir, A. Tolvanen, T. Troxler, C. E. Tweedie, S. Villareal, C. -H. Wahren, X. Walker, P. J. Webber, J. M. Welker, and S. Wipf, 2012: Plot-scale evidence of tundra vegetation change and links to recent summer warming. Nat. Climate Change, 2, 453-457.
French, N. H. F., M. A. Whitley, and L. K. Jenkins, 2016: Fire disturbance effects on land surface albedo in Alaskan tundra. J. Geophys.Res.-Biogeosci., 12, 841-854.
Hewitt, R. E., D. L. Taylor, H. Genet, A. D. McGuire, and M. C. Mack, 2019: Below-ground plant traits influence tundra plant acquisition of newly thawed permafrost nitrogen. J. Ecol., 107, 950-962.
Ims, R. A., J. -A. Henden, M. A. Strømeng, A. V. Thingnes, M. J. Garmo, and J. U. Jepsen, 2019: Arctic greening and bird nest predation risk across tundra ecotones. Nat. Clim. Change, 9, 607-610.
Jorgenson, J. C., M. K. Raynolds, J. H. Reynolds, and A. -M. Benson, 2015: Twenty-five year record of changes in plant cover on tundra of northeastern Alaska. Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 47, 785-806.
Kemppinen, J., P. Niittynen, J. Aalto, P. C. le Roux, and M. Luoto, 2019: Water as a resource, stress and disturbance shaping tundra vegetation. Oikos, 128, 811-822.
Kolari, T. H. M., T. Kumpula, M. Verdonen, B. C. Forbes, and T. Tahvanainen, 2019: Reindeer grazing controls willows but has only minor effects on plant communities in Fennoscandian oroarctic mires. Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 51, 506-520.
Lara, M. J., I. Nitze, G. Grosse, P. Martin, and A. D. McGuire, 2018: Reduced arctic tundra productivity linked with landform and climate change interactions. Sci. Rep.-UK, 8, 2345.
Lucht, W., 2002: Climatic control of the high-latitude vegetation greening trend and Pinatubo effect. Science, 296, 1687-1689.
Miles, M. W., V. V. Miles, and I. Esau, 2019: Varying climate response across the tundra, forest-tundra and boreal forest biomes in northern West Siberia. Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 075008.
Mörsdorf, M. A., N. S. Baggesen, N. G. Yoccoz, A. Michelsen, B. Elberling, P. L. Ambus, and E. J. Cooper, 2019: Deepened winter snow significantly influences the availability and forms of nitrogen taken up by plants in High Arctic tundra. Soil Biol. Biochem., 135, 222-234.
Mudryk, L., R. Brown, C. Derksen, K. Luojus, B. Decharme, and S. Helfrich, 2018: Terrestrial snow cover. Arctic Report Card 2018, E. Osborne, J. Richter-Menge, and M. Jeffries, Eds., https://www.arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card.
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